A Systematic Review on Detection of Chlorpyrifos Herbicide Residues in Water Resources, Soil, and Vegetable Matrices: Possible Amendments
Joel Brian Njewa *
Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Malawi, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 280, Zomba, Malawi.
James Jamzy Majamanda
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Malawi, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 280, Zomba, Malawi and Department of Biological Sciences, Domasi College of Education, P.O. Box 49, Domasi, Zomba, Malawi.
Timothy Tiwonge Biswick
Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Malawi, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 280, Zomba, Malawi.
Jimmy Jay Suman
Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Malawi, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 280, Zomba, Malawi.
Emmanuel Mwase
Department of Basic Sciences, University of Livingstonia, P.O. Box 17, Rumphi, Malawi.
Gladys Chimwemwe Banda
Malawi University of Business and Applied Sciences, P/Bag 303, Chichiri, Blantyre, Malawi.
Silas Cheruiyot Lagat
Department of Physical Science, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science, P.O. Box 210-40601, Bondo, Kenya.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
The presence of widely used Chlorpyrifos pesticide residues in the environment increases concerns owing to its associated adverse effects on human health and the ecosystem. The present study reports the comprehensive analysis of published papers concerning the detection of Chlorpyrifos herbicide residues in water resources, vegetables and soil matrices. The results showed that Chlorpyrifos residues were frequently found in water resources, plants and soil matrices in excess, beyond permissible levels. The results collected, point to possible hazards to the aquatic ecosystem and human beings in general due to pollution of drinking water, exposure to pesticide residues through edible crops and long-term effects on soil quality and crop growth. This present study emphasizes on the urgent need for remediation alternative actions, such as ceasing or restricting the use of Chlorpyrifos, improving water treatment techniques and implementing best agricultural management practices.
Keywords: Chlorpyrifos, water resources, ecosystem, remediation, vegetables, soil, environment
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