Hydrogen Fuel Cells: A Pathway to Sustainable Distributed Energy
Simon Bbumba *
Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda, Department of Science, Faculty of Science and Computing, Ndejje University, P.O. Box 7088, Kampala, Uganda and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Muni University, P.O. Box 725, Arua, Uganda.
Chinaecherem Tochukwu Arum
Department of Material Science and Explosives, Faculty of Science, Nigerian Defence Academy, PMB 2109, Kaduna, Nigeria.
Moses Kigozi *
Department of Chemistry, Busitema University, P.O. Box 236, Tororo, Uganda.
Ibrahim Karume
Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
Hussein Kisiki Nsamba
Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
Chukwuebuka Ubaka Okafor
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Federal University, Oye, PMB 373, Ekiti, Nigeria.
Moses Murungi
Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
Ivan Kiganda
Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
John Ssekatawa
Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Herein, we review hydrogen fuel cell technology as a promising solution for distributed power generation. The various types of fuel cells, including polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM), alkaline, phosphoric acid, solid oxide, and molten carbonate fuel cells, are discussed. Furthermore, the critical components of fuel cells, such as the anode, cathode, electrolyte, and catalyst, and the factors influencing their performance and durability are explored. Additionally, the paper examines the different methods of hydrogen production, including electrolysis, reforming, and gasification, and assesses their environmental impact and economic viability. The potential applications of fuel cells in residential, commercial, and industrial settings are explored, emphasizing their ability to provide clean, reliable, and efficient power supply. Finally, the review discusses the current challenges and future research directions in hydrogen fuel cells, including cost reduction, durability improvement, and infrastructure development.
Keywords: Energy, hydrogen fuel cells, storage, transportation, efficiency, production